Quote from Lawyer on June 16, 2025, 10:01 am

n Kenya, Civil litigationinvolves a complex interplay of court fees, advocate fees, and miscellaneous costs, all governed by legal frameworks such as the Advocates (Remuneration) Order under the Advocates Act (Cap 16 Laws of Kenya). Understanding these costs is crucial for individuals and businesses contemplating legal action, as litigation can be financially demanding. This article provides a detailed breakdown of court filing fees, advocate fees, and other associated costs, along with practical tips for managing expenses effectively.

1. Court Filing Fees

Court filing fees in Kenya are prescribed under the Court Fees Assessment Schedule, published by the Judiciary for public information and case management purposes. These fees vary depending on the court (High Court, Magistrate Courts, or specialized tribunals) and the nature and value of the claim.

Key Aspects of Court Filing Fees:

• Assessment Basis: Filing fees are calculated based on the monetary value of the claim, as outlined in the plaint or other initiating documents. For civil suits, fees are capped at a maximum of KSh 70,000 (approximately USD 700) regardless of the claim's value.

• Jurisdictional Variations: Fees differ depending on whether the case is filed in the High Court or subordinate courts. For instance, filing a civil suit valued between KSh 200,000 and KSh 500,000 costs KSh 45,000, up from KSh 28,000 following the 2014 Advocates (Remuneration) Amendment Order.

• E-Filing Systems: In courts like those in Nairobi, the Judiciary’s electronic case management system requires e-filing, which may involve additional minimal costs for digital processing. Physical filing is still used in other regions, with registry staff assessing fees based on the plaint.

• Additional Court Fees: Beyond initial filing, other fees may apply for actions such as filing applications, obtaining certified copies of documents, or enforcing court orders. These are detailed in the Court Fees Assessment Schedule and vary by court and document type.

Example:

For a civil suit claiming KSh 1,000,000, the filing fee would be approximately KSh 45,000–70,000, depending on the court and specific documents filed. Always consult the court registry for precise calculations.

2. Advocate Fees Under the Advocates (Remuneration) Order

Advocate fees in Kenya are regulated by the Advocates (Remuneration) Order, a statutory framework under the Advocates Act that sets minimum and maximum fees to prevent undercutting or overcharging. The Order, last significantly amended in 2014, provides detailed scales for various legal services, including litigation, conveyancing, and company law matters.

Types of Advocate Fees:

Advocate fees are categorized into two main types: party and party costs and advocate and client costs.

a. Party and Party Costs

• Definition: These are costs awarded to the successful party in litigation, typically paid by the losing party unless the court orders otherwise. They aim to compensate the winner for expenses incurred due to the litigation.

• Calculation: Based on the value of the subject matter as stated in court documents or determined by the judgment. For example, for a claim of KSh 1,000,000, the instruction fee is approximately KSh 52,000, with additional fees for trial preparation (one-quarter of instruction fees, or KSh 13,000).

• Other Charges:

  • Court attendance: KSh 1,200 per hour.

  • Document preparation: KSh 30 per page.

  • Perusing correspondence: KSh 20 per page.

  • Phone calls: KSh 40 per three minutes.

b. Advocate and Client Costs

• Definition: These are fees charged by an advocate to their client, covering all services rendered. In a concluded matter, advocate-client fees are typically the party and party costs increased by one-half.

• Example: If party and party costs for a KSh 1,000,000 claim are KSh 65,000 (instruction fee plus trial preparation), advocate-client fees would be approximately KSh 97,500 (KSh 65,000 + 50%).

• Flexibility: Advocates may charge hourly rates or agree on fees above the Order’s scale with client consent, particularly for non-litigation matters like legal opinions or negotiations.

Fee Taxation:

Clients can challenge advocate fees through taxation, where a deputy registrar of the High Court reviews the bill of costs to ensure compliance with the Remuneration Order. This process protects clients from overcharging and ensures fairness.

Contingency Fees:

Contingency fees, where payment depends on the case’s success, are ethically controversial in Kenya. They create a conflict of interest, as advocates may prioritize financial outcomes over the client’s legal interests. Such arrangements are generally discouraged unless explicitly agreed upon and limited to third-party expenses like court fees.

3. Other Litigation Costs

Beyond court and advocate fees, litigants may incur additional costs, often referred to as disbursements. These are charged based on reasonable prevailing rates and include:

• Stationery and Printing: Costs for preparing and copying court documents, typically charged per page.

• Courier and Postage: Expenses for delivering legal documents.

• Swearing/Oaths: Fees for affidavits or notarization.

• Process Service: Costs for serving court documents on the opposing party.

• Agency Advocates: Fees for advocates engaged in different jurisdictions.

• Value Added Tax (VAT): Applied to legal fees and disbursements as required by the VAT Act.

Example:

For a KSh 1,000,000 claim, disbursements might include KSh 5,000 for stationery, KSh 2,000 for courier services, and KSh 3,000 for process service, totaling KSh 10,000, plus VAT.

4. Cost Management Tips

Civil litigation in Kenya can be costly, but strategic planning can help manage expenses. Here are practical tips:

a. Obtain a Legal Opinion

Before initiating litigation, consult an advocate for a legal opinion on the case’s strength, evidence, and likelihood of success. This helps avoid frivolous lawsuits that waste time and money.

b. Negotiate Fees Upfront

• Discuss fee structures with your advocate early, including whether they will adhere to the Remuneration Order or charge hourly rates.

• Request a fee estimate based on the case’s complexity and potential duration.

• For non-litigation matters, negotiate fixed fees to avoid surprises.

c. Explore Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

• Consider mediation or arbitration, which are often faster and cheaper than litigation. The Judiciary promotes ADR to reduce court backlogs and costs.

• Advocate fees for ADR may be based on time spent rather than the Remuneration Order, potentially lowering costs.

d. Monitor Billing Closely

• Request itemized bills to track advocate fees and disbursements.

• Challenge excessive charges through taxation if the bill exceeds the Remuneration Order without prior agreement.

e. Limit Court Appearances

• Work with your advocate to consolidate court applications and appearances to reduce hourly attendance fees.

• Ensure all documents are prepared accurately to avoid adjournments, which increase costs.

f. Budget for Disbursements

• Allocate funds for disbursements like process service and stationery, which can accumulate over time.

• Ask your advocate for a disbursement estimate at the outset.

g. Leverage E-Filing

• Use e-filing systems where available to reduce physical filing costs and streamline document submission.

• Ensure familiarity with the Judiciary’s e-filing platform to avoid errors that could incur additional fees.

h. Understand Cost Recovery

• If successful, you may recover party and party costs from the losing party, but advocate-client costs remain your responsibility.

• Factor this into your budget, as recovery is not guaranteed and depends on the court’s discretion.

5. Recent Developments and Challenges

The cost of litigation in Kenya has risen over time, with the 2014 Advocates (Remuneration) Amendment Order increasing fees by approximately 40%, down from a proposed 80-100% hike. This adjustment, gazetted by Chief Justice Willy Mutunga, aimed to balance fair advocate compensation with access to justice.

Key Challenges:

• High Fees and Access to Justice: Critics argue that regulated fees create a barrier for low-income litigants, prompting debates on whether legal fees should be market-driven rather than fixed by the Chief Justice.

• Controversial Fee Assessments: High-profile cases, such as a law firm’s Sh1 billion fee claim against a county government, highlight public concerns about excessive legal costs, especially when paid from public funds.

• Supreme Court Rulings: In 2024, the Supreme Court slashed a law firm’s fees from Sh196 million to Sh5 million, emphasizing reasonable cost assessments to protect access to justice. This precedent underscores the importance of judicial oversight in fee disputes.

Ongoing Debates:

• Price-Fixing Concerns: The Competition Authority has raised issues about the Remuneration Order’s potential to restrain competition by setting minimum fees, limiting law firms’ ability to offer cheaper services.

• Regional Comparisons: Kenyan legal fees are higher than those in other East African Community countries, prompting calls for harmonization or market-driven pricing.

6. Conclusion

Civil litigation in Kenya requires careful financial planning due to the interplay of court filing fees, advocate fees, and disbursements. The Advocates (Remuneration) Order provides a structured framework to regulate costs, but expenses can still escalate, particularly in complex or prolonged cases. By obtaining legal opinions, negotiating fees, exploring ADR, and closely monitoring billing, litigants can manage costs effectively. Recent judicial and legislative developments highlight the tension between fair advocate compensation and ensuring access to justice, a balance that remains critical for Kenya’s legal system.

For precise fee calculations or legal advice, contact us today on +254 716 808 104 or info@lawguide.co ke as costs vary by case and jurisdiction. Staying informed and proactive is key to navigating the financial demands of civil litigation in Kenya.